Romans 9-11

Advantage of being a Jew:

⁴ the people of Israel. Theirs is the adoption to son-ship; theirs the divine glory, the covenants, the receiving of the law, the temple worship and the promises. ⁵ Theirs are the patriarchs, and from them is traced the human ancestry of the Messiah, who is God over all, forever praised!^[a] Amen.

Children of promise
  ⁸ That is, it is not the children of the flesh who are children of God, but the children of the promise are regarded as descendants.

According to God’s Sovereignty
 ¹¹ for though the twins were not yet born and had not done anything good or bad, so that God’s purpose according to His choice would ^[h]stand, not ^[i]because of works but ^[j]because of Him who calls, ¹² it was said to her, “The older will serve the younger.” ¹³ Just as it is written, “Jacob I loved, but Esau I hated.”  (see addendum chart # 1 in green)

Not of physical descent but of faith
²⁷ Isaiah cries out concerning Israel, “Though the number of the sons of Israel be like the sand of the sea, it is the remnant that will be saved ( see chart # 2 in red)

why?
³² Why? Because they did not pursue it by faith, but as though it were by works.

Biological lineage does not count
⁶ But it is not as though the word of God has failed. For they are not all Israel who are descended from Israel;

Evidence of God had not rejected “His people”
11 I say then, God has not rejected His people, has He? May it never be! For I too am an Israelite, a descendant of Abraham, of the tribe of Benjamin.

⁴ But what ^]is the divine response to him? “I have kept for Myself seven thousand men who have not bowed the knee to Baal.”

Chosen not according to flesh but faith through grace
⁷ What then? What Israel is seeking, it has not obtained, but ^[e]those who were chosen obtained it, and the rest were hardened;

Unbelieving descendants are broken off. Believing wild olive branch grafted in.
¹⁷ But if some of the branches were broken off, and you (believing gentiles), being a wild olive, were grafted in among them.

‘All (true) Israel” – {biological lineage + faith}
²⁵ For I do not want you, brethren, to be uninformed of this mystery—so that you will not be wise in your own estimation—that a partial hardening has happened to Israel until the fullness of the Gentiles has come in; ²⁶ and so all Israel will be saved;

²⁹ For the gifts and the calling of God are irrevocable.

Comment ; The church does not replace the ethnic Israelites, but the church may become part of (grafted to) the true Israel… or the other way around.

^{John 10:16} And other sheep I have which are not of this fold; them also I must bring, and they will hear My voice; and there will be one flock and one shepherd.